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Mazar-e-Sharif Residents and Imbalanced Development in the City

Truth Reflector — 2012-06-09T07:21:57Z

Mazar-e-Sharif has seen vast development and reconstructions in the past eight years, but the people don't see them just and balanced. According to the city's residents, provincial governor and city's mayor pay more attention to south of the city by selecting projects solely for the benefit of themselves and their close relatives.

While the residents' complaints range from misuse of power in changing the sites for distribution of electric power to biases in selection of reconstruction projects in asphalting the roads and to distribution of residential lands, this report will only focus on imbalanced development in road reconstruction.

Difference in Population Percentage
Ahmad Khalid, a resident of Nawbahar area in north of Mazar-e-Sharif city, not only sees the reconstruction projects as unjust, but also considers it discriminatory behavior towards the residents of northern city dwellers.

Khalid says, “If we study the geography of Mazar-e-Sharif city, we know that south of the city used to be gardens, and the people have converted parts of those gardens to residential houses. On average in each jerib (2000sqm) or even in every two jeribs of land a family of 10 or fewer than that dwells.”

In contrast, a huge percentage of population live in northern part of the city, where most of the houses are built in line with the city's master plan and on government distributed 450sqm area of land.

According to Khalid, only in his street there are about 20 houses that have been divided into two, meaning that in each 225sqm a family of eight to 10 lives.
While there are no proper and accurate consensus of the Balkh province population, but the various surveys that have been done by different international organizations for diverse purposes indicate that the city is home to about two million people. If we make a rough calculation of the city's residents based on Khalid's points, we find that the northern part of the city has four times the number of residents than that of the south.

Ahmad Zubair Karimi is a resident of Mirza Qasem Street in center of the city, and he has returned back from abroad after 15 years. Mr. Karimi is astonished to see the development that has been done in the city, but he finds the imbalance in development even more astonishing.

As Mr. Karimi said, “the difference in reconstruction and development is obvious even at a glance. If you go from Zeerat area in north-western part of the city to Solh area in north-east, other than some roundabout which are funded by local businessmen you won't find any noticeable signs of governmental development projects, but if you travel the same distance from southern part of the city you will find it totally different.”
Although, people have different points and opinions about such vast imbalance in these projects, almost all of them see one common point in it.

According to people, there is imbalance in development because the local authorities want to promote the private properties of Balkh provincial governor and his close allies in the south. According to these people, one important property of provincial governor is the residential township of Khalid Bin Walid, a claim that has repeatedly been refused by the governor.

Starting from the southern wall of Shrine of Hazrat Ali—known as the blue mosque, which marks the center of the city—heading south to Khalid Bin Walid township, the government has paved and asphalted 30-meter-wide two way roads. Interestingly enough, when you enter the newly established township where the construction of most buildings are still half done, the city's municipality has not only designed and constructed wide two-way roads, but has also asphalted 10-meter-wide service roads on both sides of the main road, along with side drains. In contrast, from the northern wall of the Shrine, where the main road goes to chain of shopping malls, the city's only Public General Hospital, Military 200-bed Hospital, Medical College, College of Education and the city's major fruit and vegetable market, the government has paved 10-meter-wide roads.

Engineer Noor Mohammad Farid, a resident of Sayeed Abad area in north of Mazar-e-Sharif says that the mayor has asphalted even the small allies that lead to his friends and his own house, but he has not included Sayeed Abad's main road even in graveling projects; it clearly is an obvious sign of local government's discrimination.

Farid continued, “Even if we ignore the discrimination in this matter, there are other obvious points that show the mayor's bias. The flow of traffic in Sayeed Abad's dusty road, which is daily used by hundreds of low and high tonnage vehicles, has not only caused environmental problem, but has also caused serious lung diseases. While if you look at the flow of traffic in Khalid Bin Walid, you will clearly notice that in 12 hours of daylight altogether 100 cars may not use this road.”

Farid's claim has such a strong element of fact that even the traffic police can't refuse it. As, agreeing with the fact that the flow of traffic is much less in comparison to the city's main roads Mohammad Ullah the on duty traffic in Shama crossroad in Khalid Bin Walid said, “Only the residents of this township, some property dealers and local laborers who work in these buildings come here. There is no major business center, no fruit or cloth market for which the people should come here.”

According to this traffic police, the flow of traffic in this part is less than half in comparison to the road in central part of the city. Mohummad Ullah said, “In comparison to the roads inside the city, the flow of traffic is at least 70 percent less.”

Technical and Constructional Norms
Engineer Farid claimed that Mazar-e-Sharif municipality has not only failed to consider the balance in road construction, but also failed to abide by the civil engineering norms in road construction. According to Farid, “To construct any type of road the first thing to do is to conduct the road users' survey. But as we see the municipality has failed to do so, because in addition to the high percentage of residents in north of the city, the existence of Mazar Custom House automatically put the road of northern part of the city in priority. But since neither the mayor nor the provincial governor has done any investment in this part of the city, the pavement and asphalt of northern roads has not only been excluded from the previous construction projects, but will continue to be excluded in the future as well.

Mohammad Rafi Arian is a resident of Istalifi street in South of the city. Mr. Arian said, “I personally am happy the street that leads to my home is asphalted, because even if one square meter of the city is development it will be useful to all. However, if balance is considered in improvement it will keep every citizen satisfied.”

Arian added, “If we don't turn a blind eye to the reality, the mayor and governor has been biased in project selection. You cannot hide the sun with two fingers.”

Personal Interest
Mohammad Younus Moqim the mayor of Mazar-e-Sharif denies all the claims and says that all the development projects in the city have been implemented in accordance with the master plan, with no bias in favor of anyone.

Mazar mayor said, “About 50 percent of the 20 kilometer road that are included in municipality's future plans have been allocated to northern part of the city, and the actual work on Sayeed Abad and Solh roads will begin in the coming days.”
While mayor made this claim in an interview over a year ago, no actual work in graveling the roads of northern part of Mazar-e-Sharif has taken place, let alone asphalting those roads.

Quite the opposite of mayor's claim, right one week after his interview, the municipality started paving and asphalting a street, which because of its location and short of use is known as the alleyway (Hayat alleyway), and completed the work in less than a week.

One of the engineers of Mazar-e-Sharif municipality department agreed to talk to me on condition of anonymity. He said, “This local alleyway is asphalted to solely benefit the mayor, because the only factor that put this alleyway in priority is the location of mayor's house in here.”

In order to balance the report another interview of mayor was obtained, in which he denied asphalting Hayat alleyway because of the location of his own house in the alley. Mazar mayor said, “In Hayat alley there is a mosque and pilgrim place for Shiites and some residents of the city go there for practicing their religions.”
Reemphasizing his previous claims, the mayor added that the proposals of asphalting roads of north will soon be put on bidding.

According to municipality engineer, “it is impossible to defend the laziness and biases of mayor, simply because if the municipality has the budget and personnel to pave 50 percent of the city's roads, can't it, at the very least, gravel the other 50 percent? Of course it can, only if it wants to do so.”

Solution to the Problem
Almost all residents of Mazar-e-Sharif have one common solution to the problem, which is to fire the corrupt mayor and replace him with a professional and honest person who feels equal responsibility towards all residents of the city. According to Mazar-e-Sharif residents, this can happen only if the mayor is elected by the people.

Note: The Mayor's quotes in this article have been taken about a year ago. But no work has been done in the north Mazar-e-Sharif and nothing has changed in the mentioned roads, even to date.

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شهر مزار شریف و انکشاف نامتوازن: مقامات خرسند، مردم ناراضی

Truth Reflector — 2012-04-30T23:15:00Z

شهر مزارشریف در هشت سال اخیر شاهد بازسازی و بهسازی گستردهء بوده است، اما اکثر باشنده گان روند بازسازی درشهر را عادلانه نمی بینند. به گفته این باشنده گان والی وشهر دار بلخ توجه بیشتر به سمت جنوب شهردارند، ومنفعت خود و افراد نزدیک به خودشان را یگانه معیار انتخاب پروژه ها میدانند وبس.

با آنکه این شهریان از عدم توازن واستفاده جویی درموارد مختلف از تغییر جهت دادن کار کیبل کشی برق جدید تا تفاوت در انتخاب پروژه های بازسازی و بهسازی جاده ها وتعلل درتوزیع زمینهای رهایشی شهرنو شکایت دارند، درین گزارش تنها به عدم توازن درقیرریزی جاده ها میپردازیم.

تفاوت نفوس:

احمد خالد باشنده کارته نوبهاردرسمت شمال شهر مزارشریف، روند بازسازی را نه تنها غیر عادلانه میداند، بلکه اینرا جفای بزرگ درحق باشنده گان سمت شمال شهر میخواند.
خالد میگوید، "اگر ما دقیقاً جغرافیای مزارشریف را مطالعه کنیم، میدانیم که سمت جنوب شهر درگذشته ها باغستان بوده است که عدهء از همشهریان ما اکنون گوشهء ازآن باغستان ها را به منازل رهایشی تبدیل کرده اند. وبه طوراوسط درهر جریب زمین (2000 ) مترمربع و یا شاید هم درهر دو جریب زمین یک خانواده ده نفری یا کمترازآن زنده گی کنند."

این درحالیست که درسمت شمال شهر که عمدتاً زمین های رهایشی 450 مترمربع برای شهریان با درنظرداشت ماستر پلان شهری از طرف حکومت توزیع شده است فیصدی بیشتر نفوس مسکن گزیده اند.
به گفته خالد، تنها درکوچه آنها حدود 20 حویلی است که از بین دوتقسیم شده اند و درهر 225 مترمربع یک خانواده که 8 تا 10 نفر عضو دارد زنده گی میکنند.

با آنکه احصائیه درست ازنفوس شهرنشینان بلخ دردست نیست اما سروی های متعددی که هرچند گاهی از جانب نهاد های مختلف برای مقاصد مختلف صورت گرفته اند آمار تخمینی باشنده گان این شهر را حدود کما بیش دو میلیون نفر حساب داده اند. اگر گفته های احمد خالد را معیارسنجش قراردهیم باشنده گان سمت شمال شهر مزارشریف درحدود چهارچند بیشتر از باشنده گان جنوب این شهر میباشند.

احمد زبیر کریمی باشندهء گذر میرزا قاسم شهر مزارشریف که بعدازپانزده سال تازه از خارج برگشته است از دیدن بازسازی درین شهر متعجب شده است. اومیگوید که بیشترین مایه تعجب وی نامتوازن بودن انکشاف درشهراست تا خود انکشاف و بازسازی.

آقای کریمی گفت: "تفاوت دربازسازی حتی دریک نگاه گذرا نیز به همه هویدامیشود. اگر شما از کارته زراعت ازشمالغربی شهر به جانب کارته صلح درشمالشرقی شهر بروید به جز از چوک های که تجارملی ساخته اند اصلاً اثری ازبازسازی ازجانب حکومت محلی را نمیبیند. اما اگرهمین فاصله را ازقسمت جنوبی شهر بپیمائید سیمای شهررا دگرگون مییابید."

با انکه مردم دیدگاههای مختلفی نسبت به این عدم توازن دارند، اما عده کثیری آنها یک وجه مشترک را درین امر میبینند.

ازدیدگاه مردم، این همه عدم توازن بخاطررشد دادن ملکیت های شخصی والی بلخ و حلقه نزدیکان وی درجنوب شهراست. به نظرآنها، یکی ازین ملکیت ها کارته رهایشی خالد بن ولید، ملکیت والی بلخ است. ادعای که همواره از جانب والی تکذیب شده است. درمسیرکارته خالد بن ولید از آغازساحه جنوبی شهر که از سمت جنوب زیارت حضرت علی کرم الله وجه شروع شده و مستقیماً به کارته خالد بن ولید منتهی میشود جاده های رفت و برگشت 30 متره ساخته شده اند. جالب تراینکه درکارتهء خالد بن ولید که جدیداً تاسیس شده وکارساختمان بیشترین تعمیرها تاهنوز تکمیل نگردیده است، شهرداری مزارشریف نه تنها درآن ساحه جاده های عمومی طرح ودیزاین و قیرریزی کرده است بلکه دردوطرفه سرک عمومی، سرک های فرعی 10 متره با آبروهای وسیع نیز ساخته است. حالانکه درشمال روضه مبارک سرک عمومی که به مارکیت های تجارتی، شفاخانه عمومی شهر، شفاخانه دوصد بسترنظامی، دانشکده طب، تربیه معلم ومندوی شهر منتهی میشود صرفاً جاده های ده متره احداث شده است.
انجنیرنورمحمد فرید، یکتن ازباشنده گان کارته سید آباد درشمال شهرمزارشریف میگوید که شهرداربلخ حتی کوچه های فرعی درجنوب شهر را که به منازل رهایشی خود ویا دوستانش منتهی میشود قیرریزی میکند، اما کارته سید آباد را حتی دربرنامه های جغل اندازی نیز شامل نساخته است، که این خود نمونهء بارزی از تبعیض درحکومت محلی است.

او میافزاید، "حتی اگر تبعیض رادرین امر نظرانداز کنیم نکاتی دیگری استند که جانبداری شهرداررا آشکار میکنند. ازدحام ترافیک درجاده خاکی سیدآباد که روزانه بیشتر ازصدها عراده موترخورد وبزرگ ازآن عبورومرورمیکنند نه تنها باعث اذیت باشنده گان این ساحه شده است، بلکه باعث امراض مختلف تنفسی نیز شده است. حالانکه درکارته خالد بن ولید درجنوب شهر درتمامی 12 ساعت روز از 100 عراده موتر بیشترعبور نمیکند."

این ادعای آقای فرید چنان بجا است که حتی مسوولین ترافیک نیز آنرا توجیه کرده نمیتوانند. چنانچه دریمن ساتنمن محمد الله ترافیک موظف درچوک شمع واقع درکارته خالد بن ولید با تائید اینکه ترافیک درین جاده به مراتب کمتر ازجاده های عمومی شهر است گفت، " دراینجا صرفاً باشنده گان این کارته، دکانداران رهنمای معاملات زمین و کارگرانی که درساختمانهای این کارته کارمیکنند میایند. درین کارته کدام مارکیت تجارتی، مارکیت میوه ویا هم لباس وجود ندارد که مردم بخاطرخریداری به اینجا بیایند." از دیدگاه این افسر ترافیک تفاوت ازدحام این جاده با جاده های مرکز شهربیشتراز 50 درصد است. طوریکه او گفت، "درمقایسه به جاده های داخل شهرازدحام ترافیک دراینجا حداقل 70 درصد کمتر است."

معیارات مسلکی و فنی:

انجنیرفرید افزود که شهرداری مزارشریف نه تنها جاده های شهررا نامتاوزن قیرریزی کرده است، بلکه معیارات سرک سازی را نیز درنظرنگرفته است. به گفته فرید، " برای اعمارهرگونه سرک اولاً باید سروی شمارش عابرین وعراده جات صورت بگیرد، ولی طوریکه دیده میشود شهرداری مزارشریف اصلاً این کاررانکرده است، زیرا موجودیت گمرکات شهرمزارشریف، علاوه برتراکم چهارچند نفوس درسمت شمال نسبت به جنوب شهر به خودی خود سمت شمال شهررا دراولویت قرارمیدهد. اما ازاینکه جناب شهردار ووالی بلخ درین سمت شهر کدام سرمایه گذاری نکرده اند، قیر ریزی جاده های سمت شمال شهر نه تنها از برنامه های بازسازی گذشته مانده است، بلکه دربرنامه های آینده نیز شامل نخواهد شد."

محمد رفیع آرین باشنده گذراستالفی ها واقع درجنوب شهر گفت، "من شخصاً از قیرریزی شدن این جادهء که به خانهء ما نیزمنهتی میشود خرسند استم، زیرا هرمترمربع از هرگوشه شهر که آباد شود به سود تمامی باشنده گان شهر است، اما اگر توازن مراعات شود، باعث رضایت خاطر همه نیز خواهدشد."
آرین افزود: "اگر از حقیقت چشم پوشی نکنیم، شهرداری و مقام ولایت جانبدارانه عمل کرده اند. آفتاب با دوانگشت پنهان نمیشود. "

منفعت شخصی:

اما محمد یونس مقیم شهردارمزارشریف این ادعاهارا ردکرده گفت که تمامی برنامه های انکشافی شهرمزارشریف مطابق به ماسترپلان به پیش برده شده است ودرآن هیچگونه ملاحظهء درکارنبوده است.
شهردارمزارشریف گفت: "درحدود 50 درصد ازجمع 20 کیلومتر سرک که دربرنامه های آینده شهرداری شامل است، به سمت شمال شهر اختصاص داده شده است. و کار قیرریزی جاده های سید آباد، و کارته صلح تا چند روزدیگر عملاً آغازخواهد شد."

حالانکه این نقل قول شهرداربلخ را درحدود بیشتراز یکسال قبل گرفته بودم، تا کنون نیزهیچ کاری درراستای جغل اندازی جاده های شمال شهر صورت نگرفته است، چی رسد به قیر ریزی این جاده ها.

برخلاف گفتهء آقای مقیم، دقیقاً یک هفته بعدازمصاحبه اش ریاست شهر داری بلخ کارقیرریزی جادهء که به دلیل فرعی بودنش به "گذر(کوچه) حیات" مسما است، آغاز کرده و درمدت کمتر ازیک هفته به اتمام رساند.
یکتن از انجنیران شهرداری مزارشریف که نخواست ازاو نام برده شود، گفت. "این جاده فرعی کاملاً بخاطر منفعت شخصی جناب شهردار قیرریزی شده است، زیرا یگانه دلیلی که این کوچه را دراولویت کار شهرداری قرارداده است همانا موقعیت منزل شخصی شهرداردرین کوچه است و بس."

برای برقراری توازن درگزارش مصاحبهء تازهء از شهردارگرفتم و اواین ادعای که گذرحیات را بخاطر موقعیت داشتن منزل خودش قیرریزی کرده است، با آوردن دلایل ذیل رد کرد." درگذر حیات یک مسجد ویک تکیه خانه وجود دارد که تعدادی از باشنده گان شهر برای اجرای امورات مذهبی شان به این گذر رفت وآمد میکنند."
با تاکید مجدد برگفته های مصاحبهء اولی اش، آقای مقیم افزود که کارقیرریزی جاده های شمال شهر درآینده های نزدیک به داوطلبی گذاشته خواهد شد.

به گفته انجنیر شهرداری، از سهل انگاری و جانبداری شهردار نمیتوان دفاع کرد، زیرا شهرداری که توان و بودجه قیرریزی کردن حدود 50 درصد جاده های جنوب شهر را دارد، آیا نمیتواند حد اقل 50 درصد بقیه شهر را به صورت اساسی جغل اندازی کند؟ یقیناً که میتواند، البته درصورتی که خواهان آن باشد.

راه حل:

تقریباً تمامی شهریان مزارشریف دریک موضوع باهم همنظراند که یگانه راه حل برای برکناری اشخاص فاسد و گماشتن یک فرد مسکلی که خودرا دربرابر تمامی شهریان یکسان مسوول بداند، همانا انتخابی شدن پست شهرداری است وبس.

یادداشت:
بیشترمصاحبه های این گزارش به شمول مصاحبه های شهردار درحدود بیشتر از یکسال قبل گرفته شده است. ولی هنوزهم درساحات ذکر شده درشمال شهر مزارشریف جزئیترین تغییری نیامده است.

Corruption: One Game, Various Layers & Different Players

Truth Reflector — 2010-08-09T08:02:49Z

Jawid Ludin, Afghan Ambassador to Canada

Jawid Ludin, Afghan Ambassador to Canada

Jawid Ludin, Afghan Ambassador to Canada

The Afghan Ambassador to Canada illegally verifies his younger brother's educational documents to get him appointed in high position in the government. By acknowledging his brother's educational certificates from Peshawar schools in Pakistan and by illegally verifying his documents, Jawid Ludin, the Afghan Ambassador to Canada commits an obvious act of corruption.

Qaseem Ludin, the younger brother of the ambassador, had studied at the Abasyn Institute of Management Sciences—a private educational center in Peshawar —between June 14, 2000 and September 17, 2000, and received a completion certificate for this short-term course. Ignoring the Afghan Ministry of Higher Education's Academic Solidarity Affairs Department in Afghanistan, the ambassador officially, but illegally recognized and certified his brother's short term course certificate in place of a proper BA or BSc diploma, in the Afghan Embassy in Canada on April 2010 one decade later.

According to Mohammad Hassan Rashiq, head of the Academic Solidarity Affairs Department in the Afghan Ministry of Higher Education, “The Afghan embassy can only certify the stamp and certification of the Office of Foreign Affairs of a country where the embassy is located.” Strongly expressing concerns over the issue of certifying educational documents, Mr. Rashiq said that the Afghan Embassy's act in this matter is against the rules and regulations of the Afghan Ministry of Higher Education. According to Mr. Rashiq, “The embassy is a political entity, not an academic institution.”

Mr. Osman Osmani proposes someone with no basic knowledge of or training in planning or policy as his Planning and Policy Deputy in the High Office of Oversight and Anti Corruption (HOO). Mr. Osmani the head of HOO requested Mr. Qaseem Ludin as his planning and policy deputy ignoring the fact that Mr. Ludin has no study or work background in this field.

Mr. Qaseem Ludin's only documents are a certificate from his three-month long course at the Abasyn Institute of Management Sciences in Peshawar, Pakistan; and his master's degree in Environmental Studies Geography from Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, Canada. None of these two degrees are remotely related to his previous post as senior advisor to the HOO and his current post as the Deputy of Planning and Policy for the HOO.

Turning a blank eye to Mr. Ludin's professional field and his incapacity to serve as professional deputy of planning and policy in HOO, Mr. Osmani nominated Mr. Qaseem Ludin for this post just to keep Ambassador Ludin and President Karzai happy. Mr. Osmani's favor to ambassador Ludin's efforts and President Karzai's biased decision paid off handsomely to younger Ludin's employment attempts.

A young gentleman with a background in geography drafts plans and policies in HOO. No surprise! This is how most other high-ranking officials have been hired in Karzai's administration.

The Afghan Labor law states clearly that no one should be hired in any governmental posts unless his documents are verified by the Afghan Ministry of Higher Education. But Mr. Osmani, the head of HOO says that when the need arises he can recruit staff to fill the gap without verifying their documents first—the way he hired Mr. Qaseem Ludin.

Mr. Osmani told me in a phone interview that he hired Mr. Qaseem Ludin on direct order of the Afghan President. Now, about six months after Mr. Ludin has served as the planning and policy deputy, Mr. Osmani—coming under pressure from various media organizations—had no choice but to send Mr. Ludin's illegally verified documents to the Ministry of Higher Education for examination.
Agreeing with the reasoning of Mr. Osmani, Mr. Abdul Razaq Zulali, HOO Administration and Finance Deputy says that nothing is wrong with the way Mr. Ludin was hired and nothing is wrong with his educational documents either.

Zulali claims that for an ordinary employee, it is crucial that his documents must be verified and his work background must be checked; however, according to Mr. Zulali, “such rules don't apply to political posts like ministers and deputy ministers.” Mr. Ludin's current post is similar to that of a deputy minister.

Currently, Mr. Ludin is drafting plans and policies for HOO to fight corruption in such a situation that his own educational documents have not been officially verified for the past six months, meaning that Mr. Qaseem Ludin has been serving as the planning and policy deputy in the HOO for the past nearly seven months with no official document in place.

Mr. Zulali added that HOO has no time limit or deadline for Mr. Ludin to complete the verification process of his documents. According to Mr. Zulali, it may take up to one year to verify his documents.

The HOO was set up as an independent organization to oversee the corruption and make policies to fight it. The authorities of HOO are equivalent to that of a ministry.

The President's Office of Administration Affairs(OAA) whose sole responsibility in recruiting and employing high-ranking government officials is to make sure the documents are genuine and authentic bypasses Qaseem Ludin's three-month long certificate and its acceptance as a proper BA degree equivalent.

Not only that, the OAA also ignored the fact that Qaseem Ludin had been charged with bad debt payment in his previous job at the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD). Needless to say, Mr. Ludin hasn't paid his debt to date this article being written.
Finally, President Karzai signs off on Mr. Osmani's request letter and appoints Qaseem Ludin as the Planning and Policy Deputy at the HOO, because he knows Ludin's older brother.

Despite the international community's push to end corruption, the Afghan government, particularly President Hamid Karzai and his close allies like Mr. Jawid Ludin and Mr. Osmani have no intention to fight corruption themselves.

To respond to president Obama's call to fight against corruption, President Karzai established the HOO to oversee the anti corruption efforts, but ironically the President appointed corrupt people like Mr. Osmani as the head and Mr. Qaseem Ludin as the Planning and Policy Deputy for this organization.

When a convoy is led by such men, no doubt it will never reach the final target destination.

How can the people of Afghanistan expect the HOO to oversee the anti corruption effort, when they commit corruption within the organization?

How can lower level Afghan government employees be stopped from bribery and corruption, when a high-ranking government diplomat like Mr. Jawid Ludin does it so obviously and without consequences?

How can the international community and the Afghan civil society stop corruption or fight against it, when the even the Afghan president commits it with such arrogance and ease.

کابل پرس

Mazar-e-Sharif Residents and Imbalanced Development in the City

شهر مزار شریف و انکشاف نامتوازن: مقامات خرسند، مردم ناراضی

Corruption: One Game, Various Layers & Different Players

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Jawid Ludin, Afghan Ambassador to Canada